<?xml version="1.0" encoding="gb2312"?>
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="inc/rss.xsl" version="1.0"?>
<rss version="2.0">
<channel>


<image>
<link>http://www.ralxcx.com/bbsShowForum.asp?ForumID=1</link>
<url>http://www.ralxcx.com/bbs/images/Logo.gif</url>
</image>
<title>学习交流</title>
<link>http://www.ralxcx.com/bbsShowForum.asp?ForumID=1</link>

<item>
<title>考证课什么时候开了会计考证班</title>
<category></category>
<author>任晓瑞</author>
<pubDate>2007/3/15 15:33:00</pubDate>
<link>http://www.ralxcx.com/bbsShowPost.asp?ThreadID=92</link><description><![CDATA[基础知识和财经法规讲几节课了]]></description></item>
<item>
<title>怎样认识会计</title>
<category>分享</category>
<author>admin</author>
<pubDate>2006/6/30 9:06:24</pubDate>
<link>http://www.ralxcx.com/bbsShowPost.asp?ThreadID=2</link><description><![CDATA[<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=center><FONT size=2><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 22pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">怎样认识会计</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 22pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> </SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">（瑞安市立信财会学校专用讲义，未经许可不得翻印）</SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">编写</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">王存壬</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" align=left><FONT size=2><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">一、会计的形成与发展</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> </SPAN></B></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">会计是一门既古老又年轻的经济管理科学的一个分支。它的萌芽是管理经济所诱发，它的生长与发展更是经济管理所必需。</SPAN><B> </B></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">在古代遗址考古分析证实，我国在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>3000</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">年以前劳动人民就会运用会计，远古的印度公社在公元前十五</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>—</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">十世纪，会计已成为一种专职工作。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P class=MsoBodyTextIndent2 style="MARGIN: auto 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.95pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT face=宋体>中国的记量、记录行为发生于氏族公社制度的过程中，简单刻记是山顶洞人，歭峪人所处的时代，已留有痕迹，到西安半坡村人所处的时代，简单刻记的表象已十分明显。<SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">另一种记数方法</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>—</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">结绳记事则产生于父系氏族社会的初期。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P class=MsoBodyTextIndent style="MARGIN: auto 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT face=宋体>随着数字、度量衡器具的发明，实物计量单位的产生，我国可能有了处于萌芽状态的<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>书契<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>，这种<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>书契<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>使我国会计轮廓明朗化。<SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">从殷朝甲骨文中见到这样的记载：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">丙申卜贞</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>×××</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">羊卯三宰一牛子宗</SPAN> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">用</SPAN> <SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">八月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">。这就是当时的记帐表达。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">春秋时代的孔子是鲁国季氏门下管理仓库的会计，他曾说：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">会计当而已矣！</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">又说：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">政在节财。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">齐国孟尝君手下的食客</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>---</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">冯谖，因为会算帐，被认为是了不起的人，孟尝君才对他天天闹待遇不予计较。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">会计命名起于西周（公元前</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>1100</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>---</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">前</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>771</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">年之间），西周官厅会计叫司会。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">在历代称呼朝庭会计（财政）的官吏是：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">秦朝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>——</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">治粟内吏</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">西汉</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>——</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">在司农</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">隋朝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>——</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">度支尚书</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">唐朝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>——</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">户部</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">宋朝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>——</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">先叫计相，后在户部下设度支</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">明朝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>——</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">四清吏司</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">清朝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>——</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">户部下设十四清吏司</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">旧中国</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>——</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">财政部长</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">财簿（册）的名称，它从</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">书契</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">时代（原始社会末期至夏代）</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>→</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">简册（商代）</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>→</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">籍或籍书（西周至春秋战国）</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>→</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">簿书（战国至三国两晋）</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>→</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">簿、帐簿、帐（南北朝至宋元）</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>→</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">帐、账、帐簿或账簿（明代）</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>→</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">清朝至旧中国称为帐、账簿。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">算帐方法上，唐朝的四柱清册公式</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">旧管</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>+</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">新收</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>=</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">开除</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>+</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">实在，更是脍炙人口，流传中外。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">明、清至旧中国所用的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">龙门帐</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">合龙帐</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">四脚帐</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">。也是另具一格，独出心裁，有其科学巧妙之处。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>30</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">年代著名会计师徐永祥先生对中式簿记作改新，引起了一场大争论，促进了现代会计从西方引进中国。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">在历史漫长的岁月中，会计不断演变、改革、完善。我国单式记帐（簿记）中已在某些部分形成复式记帐（簿记）的雏形。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">公元</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>1494</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">年意大利的数学家卢卡</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">巴却里是现代簿记学说的奠基者。他在一本数学书</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">计算与记录要记</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">为题，系统地论述了意大利式借贷复式簿记的理论和方法体系。现代簿记于光绪年间（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>1905</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">年）传入我国，首先运用于政府新办的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">大清银行</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">现代会计的发展经历了五个阶段：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">、从</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>15</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">世纪</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>—20</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">世纪</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>20</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">年代，以记帐为主；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>20</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">世纪</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>20</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">年代</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>—40</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">年代，簿记的提高与深化；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>20</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">世纪</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>40</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">年代</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>—60</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">年代，向经济管理领域渗透；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>60</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">年代至今，从微观管理，运用现代计算技术，同时向宏观管理发展；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>5</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>20</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">世纪</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>90</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">年代，会计发展有下列趋势：在会计核算上要人、财、物有机结合；在管理上要会计上及时提供管理信息，参与决策，适应商品经济竞争发展的需要。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=2><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">二、会计定义，会计职能有关问题</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> </SPAN></B></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">会计这两个字原先的含义是计算的意思，在我国零星的计算叫做计，综合的计算叫做会，受当时社会条件的限制，这种对会计的认识，是非常狭窄的。随着生产力的发展，科学的进步，给予会计增添了新的内涵。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">马克思给簿记（会计）下了一个精辟的定义：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">簿记是作为对生产过程的控制和观念的总结。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">生产过程从会计角度来说，就是资金运动过程，控制就是要求资金运动沿着一定的轨道进行。一定的轨道，不同的社会，不同的生产经营者有不同的要求。资本主义社会资本家是沿着唯利是图的轨道，社会主义要求企业经营者，既要执行国家政策、经济法规，保障消费者利益的轨道进行资金活动。但有一点是相同的，就是节约时间，追求经济效益。控制包含着监督，使它不出轨。其次是观念的总结，观念是思想反映客观物质的意识。观念总结是要求总结反映资金运动的量和质。所以要记帐反映，报表反映，计算分析反映，达到总结的目的；要反映。就要核算。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">核算和监督是会计的主要职能，再生产过程的资金运动是会计核算和监督的对象内容，核算企业经济活动和财务成果，提高经济效益是会计核算的要求，会计就是有关核算要求和管理活动的综合。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">因此，现代对会计的定义，一般表述为：以货币为主要量度，核算和监督社会再生产过程的资金运动及其财务成果的一种管理形式和方法（亦称一种管理活动）。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">我国会计学术界对会计的职能，根据马克思</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">控制</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">总结</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">的论点，曾提出：二职能论（反映和监督）；四职能论（反映、控制、监督和分析）；五职能论（反映、分析、预测、决策和控制）；五职能再加上监督职能，就成了六职能论。会计的职能是客观存在的，只要有会计工作活动，职能就能显现。随着社会的发展，会计计算技术的进步，会计的职能就越加显示出来。所以会计职能的多少是发展的。初学会计者对其有多少职能有所理解就行，不必纠缠不休。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">此外，会计职能与会计作用，二者不能混淆。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">职能是会计客观存在的功能，通过会计的实践活动，作用才能得以发挥。所以，职能是作用的内在依据，作用是职能的外部表现形式。一个单位会计工作的作用还与会计工作人员的主观努力程度与业务素质技术水平以及工作的周围环境分不开的。会计人员业务水平高，工作积极努力，周围环境支持会计工作，会计就能发挥更大的作用；否则，作用就会受到影响。但会计职能在任何情况下都是客观存在的，不受任何因素的影响而改变。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">会计在微观经济管理中，通过具有一定水平的会计人员的尽职尽责努力，一般可以发挥如下作用：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">、反映经济情况；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">、分析经济效果；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">、预测经济前景；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">、参与经济决策；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>5</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">、控制经济活动。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">会计在宏观经济管理中的作用，是管理国民经济的一个子系统，会计工作好坏，直接影响国民经济的发展，影响社会的投入、产出，影响社会效益的提高，最终必然影响四化建设的速度。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US>1962</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>6</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>13</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">日，中央批转全国会计工作会议情况的报告批示中指出：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">办经济离不开会计，经济越发展，会计越重要</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">。为具体说明会计的作用，让我们举一个例子：第二次世界大战期间，美国有个管理专家叫勒特</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">迈尔斯。他配合会计人员、工程人员利用会计提供的成本资料进行价值分析，应用于美国的军舰制造业，在保证产品质量前提下，节约费用成本</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>5000</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">万美元，传闻全世界。在国外发达国家，第一流的工程师都精通成本会计。也可见会计的作用受到了各界的重视。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=2><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">三、会计在国家管理、企业管理中的地位</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> </SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">什么叫地位？官职大小是地位，你担任的工作，在国家与企业中居于什么位置，也是地位。当然，会计就是会计，不是什么官职，但不能凭此就认为会计地位低。其实不论从哪方面说，会计的地位都是很高的。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">从国家来说，我国的财政部长就是国家的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">总会计</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">长。我国历任的财政部长都是由我国著名的无产阶级革命家兼任。陈云同志解放后曾是国家财经委员会主任，兼任财政部长；李先念同志担任副总理时，并兼任财政部长；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>93</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">年财政部长王丙乾同志还是国务委员。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">美国总统肯尼迪上台以后，为了制止国防部的长期浪费，请了一个哈佛大学会计系的管理专家麦克麦尔担任国防部长，进行改善管理。肯尼迪还以年薪</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>60</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">万美元聘任我国长大的犹太人会计管理专家为财政部长。现在的泰国总理他信，都是担任过会计非常能干的人。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">我国古代著名理财家桑弘年（公元前</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>120——80</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">年）主张</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">计委量入</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">俭奢适度</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">原则。唐代刘晏（公元</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>715——780</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">年）改革监政，推行</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">常平法</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">（平抑物价法则）成效显著，这二人都为世人所赞扬。宋代王安石（公元</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>1021——1084</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">年）主张开源节流，制定各种推进社会进步的经济法规。这就是历史上常提的王安石变法。等等，不一一例举。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">会计在企业中的地位也是很高的，一个企业有高层决策，中层决策，低层决策会计参与决策是属于中、高层决策。一个单位可以一天没有会计，但不能一旬没有会计，如果一个月没有会计，轻者说，就会影响企业正常业务的开展；重者说，将给企业管理带来混乱。所以这些都说明会计在国民经济与企业中都居有非常重要的地位。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=2><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">四、搞假账，等于抹煞了会计的作用</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> </SPAN></B></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">目前有些单位为了达到偷税或获取其他违法的利益，做假账或两本账，搞乱了单位会计信息系统，等于抹煞了会计的作用。至少在下列问题上起到消极的影响。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 44.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list 44.95pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US>1.</SPAN><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">假账，会计信息全假，不但不能取信于使用单位，连造假者也不能自信。害人先害己。这样的单位如何利用会计信息进行往来款项结算，进行会计分析，有效使用资金，降低成本，降低费用，提高劳动生产率，就无法顺利进行</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 44.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list 44.95pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US>2.</SPAN><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">做假账或两本账：有的人说有一本总是真的，还可以利用真的一本进行财务管理。其实，这本真的也不可能。这样的单位会计核算时往往把原始真实凭证附在假账记账凭证后，而另一本账所附原始凭证不全，很多会计核算方法不按照会计制度办理。形成资料不全，需要什么核算什么，很多真正能够发挥会计作用的核算就被勿视。最终将会带来企业会计核算的混乱。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 44.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list 44.95pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US>3.</SPAN><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">做假账、两本账，损害国家或股东等的利益，违反会计法，单位主管与会计人员必须承担法律责任，轻者要处分、要处罚，重者要判刑。美国近几年来曾发生安然公司、世界通信公司，施乐（办公设备）公司，少列支出、多报利润</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>38</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">亿至</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>120</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">亿美元的丑闻。安然公司的财务长官要受到法律起诉，如果罪名成立，将受到至少判</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>40</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">年的徒刑。美国总统迫于社会舆论也发表言论，进行干预。可见造假账绝对要不得。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoBodyTextIndent2 style="MARGIN: auto 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.95pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 26pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><FONT size=2>我们应正确认识会计，充分发挥会计的作用，为提高企业品位，增强企业发展后劲，营造企业最佳经济效益，让会计管理在企业中崭露头角。</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US> </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>]]></description></item></channel></rss>